--- title: "Knex Kysely and Prisma Interop" description: "The Prisma interop layer bridges Drizzle's query builder and schema definitions with Prisma Client across PostgreSQL, MySQL, and SQLite dialects. By defining Prisma extensions with $drizzle, Drizzl..." last_updated: "2026-10-12T08:14:00.738895+00:00" canonical_url: "https://www.doc0.dev/docs/e1b68fed-3c4e-4c95-b2ba-ebf050f78025/technical/drivers-and-runtimes/knex-kysely-and-prisma-interop" ---
Relevant source files The following files were used as context for generating this wiki page: - [drizzle-orm/src/neon-serverless/session.ts](https://github.com/blade47/drizzle-orm/blob/48e5406027103a9fca6eb66417187c4a8b5c6aa3/drizzle-orm/src/neon-serverless/session.ts) - [drizzle-orm/src/neon-serverless/driver.ts](https://github.com/blade47/drizzle-orm/blob/48e5406027103a9fca6eb66417187c4a8b5c6aa3/drizzle-orm/src/neon-serverless/driver.ts) - [drizzle-orm/src/prisma/sqlite/driver.ts](https://github.com/blade47/drizzle-orm/blob/48e5406027103a9fca6eb66417187c4a8b5c6aa3/drizzle-orm/src/prisma/sqlite/driver.ts) - [drizzle-kit/src/api.ts](https://github.com/blade47/drizzle-orm/blob/48e5406027103a9fca6eb66417187c4a8b5c6aa3/drizzle-kit/src/api.ts) - [drizzle-orm/src/prisma/pg/session.ts](https://github.com/blade47/drizzle-orm/blob/48e5406027103a9fca6eb66417187c4a8b5c6aa3/drizzle-orm/src/prisma/pg/session.ts) - [drizzle-orm/src/prisma/mysql/driver.ts](https://github.com/blade47/drizzle-orm/blob/48e5406027103a9fca6eb66417187c4a8b5c6aa3/drizzle-orm/src/prisma/mysql/driver.ts) - [drizzle-orm/src/prisma/mysql/session.ts](https://github.com/blade47/drizzle-orm/blob/48e5406027103a9fca6eb66417187c4a8b5c6aa3/drizzle-orm/src/prisma/mysql/session.ts) - [drizzle-orm/src/netlify-db/session.ts](https://github.com/blade47/drizzle-orm/blob/48e5406027103a9fca6eb66417187c4a8b5c6aa3/drizzle-orm/src/netlify-db/session.ts) - [drizzle-orm/src/singlestore/session.ts](https://github.com/blade47/drizzle-orm/blob/48e5406027103a9fca6eb66417187c4a8b5c6aa3/drizzle-orm/src/singlestore/session.ts) - [drizzle-orm/src/prisma/pg/driver.ts](https://github.com/blade47/drizzle-orm/blob/48e5406027103a9fca6eb66417187c4a8b5c6aa3/drizzle-orm/src/prisma/pg/driver.ts) - [drizzle-orm/src/netlify-db/driver.ts](https://github.com/blade47/drizzle-orm/blob/48e5406027103a9fca6eb66417187c4a8b5c6aa3/drizzle-orm/src/netlify-db/driver.ts) - [drizzle-orm/src/prisma/sqlite/session.ts](https://github.com/blade47/drizzle-orm/blob/48e5406027103a9fca6eb66417187c4a8b5c6aa3/drizzle-orm/src/prisma/sqlite/session.ts) - [drizzle-orm/src/gel/session.ts](https://github.com/blade47/drizzle-orm/blob/48e5406027103a9fca6eb66417187c4a8b5c6aa3/drizzle-orm/src/gel/session.ts) - [drizzle-kit/src/cli/connections.ts](https://github.com/blade47/drizzle-orm/blob/48e5406027103a9fca6eb66417187c4a8b5c6aa3/drizzle-kit/src/cli/connections.ts) - [drizzle-orm/src/gel/driver.ts](https://github.com/blade47/drizzle-orm/blob/48e5406027103a9fca6eb66417187c4a8b5c6aa3/drizzle-orm/src/gel/driver.ts) - [drizzle-orm/src/planetscale-serverless/session.ts](https://github.com/blade47/drizzle-orm/blob/48e5406027103a9fca6eb66417187c4a8b5c6aa3/drizzle-orm/src/planetscale-serverless/session.ts) - [drizzle-orm/src/mysql2/session.ts](https://github.com/blade47/drizzle-orm/blob/48e5406027103a9fca6eb66417187c4a8b5c6aa3/drizzle-orm/src/mysql2/session.ts) - [drizzle-orm/src/node-postgres/driver.ts](https://github.com/blade47/drizzle-orm/blob/48e5406027103a9fca6eb66417187c4a8b5c6aa3/drizzle-orm/src/node-postgres/driver.ts) - [drizzle-orm/src/postgres-js/session.ts](https://github.com/blade47/drizzle-orm/blob/48e5406027103a9fca6eb66417187c4a8b5c6aa3/drizzle-orm/src/postgres-js/session.ts) - [drizzle-orm/src/singlestore/driver.ts](https://github.com/blade47/drizzle-orm/blob/48e5406027103a9fca6eb66417187c4a8b5c6aa3/drizzle-orm/src/singlestore/driver.ts) - [drizzle-orm/src/mysql2/driver.ts](https://github.com/blade47/drizzle-orm/blob/48e5406027103a9fca6eb66417187c4a8b5c6aa3/drizzle-orm/src/mysql2/driver.ts) - [drizzle-orm/src/durable-sqlite/driver.ts](https://github.com/blade47/drizzle-orm/blob/48e5406027103a9fca6eb66417187c4a8b5c6aa3/drizzle-orm/src/durable-sqlite/driver.ts) - [drizzle-orm/src/vercel-postgres/driver.ts](https://github.com/blade47/drizzle-orm/blob/48e5406027103a9fca6eb66417187c4a8b5c6aa3/drizzle-orm/src/vercel-postgres/driver.ts) - [drizzle-orm/src/vercel-postgres/session.ts](https://github.com/blade47/drizzle-orm/blob/48e5406027103a9fca6eb66417187c4a8b5c6aa3/drizzle-orm/src/vercel-postgres/session.ts) - [drizzle-orm/src/planetscale-serverless/driver.ts](https://github.com/blade47/drizzle-orm/blob/48e5406027103a9fca6eb66417187c4a8b5c6aa3/drizzle-orm/src/planetscale-serverless/driver.ts) - [drizzle-orm/src/aws-data-api/pg/session.ts](https://github.com/blade47/drizzle-orm/blob/48e5406027103a9fca6eb66417187c4a8b5c6aa3/drizzle-orm/src/aws-data-api/pg/session.ts) - [drizzle-orm/src/postgres-js/driver.ts](https://github.com/blade47/drizzle-orm/blob/48e5406027103a9fca6eb66417187c4a8b5c6aa3/drizzle-orm/src/postgres-js/driver.ts) - [drizzle-orm/src/pglite/driver.ts](https://github.com/blade47/drizzle-orm/blob/48e5406027103a9fca6eb66417187c4a8b5c6aa3/drizzle-orm/src/pglite/driver.ts) - [drizzle-orm/src/aws-data-api/pg/driver.ts](https://github.com/blade47/drizzle-orm/blob/48e5406027103a9fca6eb66417187c4a8b5c6aa3/drizzle-orm/src/aws-data-api/pg/driver.ts) - [drizzle-orm/src/neon-http/driver.ts](https://github.com/blade47/drizzle-orm/blob/48e5406027103a9fca6eb66417187c4a8b5c6aa3/drizzle-orm/src/neon-http/driver.ts)
## Overview The Prisma interop layer bridges Drizzle's query builder and schema definitions with Prisma Client across PostgreSQL, MySQL, and SQLite dialects. By defining Prisma extensions with `$drizzle`, Drizzle maps SQL operations to Prisma's underlying raw execution methods such as `$queryRawUnsafe`. Sources: [drizzle-orm/src/prisma/sqlite/driver.ts:1-32](https://github.com/blade47/drizzle-orm/blob/48e5406027103a9fca6eb66417187c4a8b5c6aa3/drizzle-orm/src/prisma/sqlite/driver.ts#L1-L32), [drizzle-orm/src/prisma/pg/session.ts:16-40](https://github.com/blade47/drizzle-orm/blob/48e5406027103a9fca6eb66417187c4a8b5c6aa3/drizzle-orm/src/prisma/pg/session.ts#L16-L40), [drizzle-orm/src/prisma/mysql/driver.ts:1-42](https://github.com/blade47/drizzle-orm/blob/48e5406027103a9fca6eb66417187c4a8b5c6aa3/drizzle-orm/src/prisma/mysql/driver.ts#L1-L42) ## Prisma PostgreSQL Driver and Session Integration ### Driver Initialization and Prisma Extension Setup The PostgreSQL interop layer is initialized through the `drizzle()` function, which consumes a `PrismaPgConfig` configuration object excluding the schema definition. If `config.logger` is set to `true`, a `DefaultLogger` is instantiated; otherwise, custom logger instances or `false` are assigned. The function returns a Prisma extension defined via `Prisma.defineExtension`, attaching a `PrismaPgDatabase` instance to the client under the `$drizzle` property. ```typescript export type PrismaPgConfig = Omit; export function drizzle(config: PrismaPgConfig = {}) { let logger: Logger | undefined; if (config.logger === true) { logger = new DefaultLogger(); } else if (config.logger !== false) { logger = config.logger; } return Prisma.defineExtension((client) => { return client.$extends({ name: 'drizzle', client: { $drizzle: new PrismaPgDatabase(client, logger), }, }); }); } ``` Sources: [drizzle-orm/src/prisma/pg/driver.ts:22-40](https://github.com/blade47/drizzle-orm/blob/48e5406027103a9fca6eb66417187c4a8b5c6aa3/drizzle-orm/src/prisma/pg/driver.ts#L22-L40) `PrismaPgDatabase` extends `PgDatabase` with `PrismaPgQueryResultHKT` and an empty record type, constructing a `PgDialect` and a `PrismaPgSession` initialized with the Prisma client and session options containing the logger. ```typescript export class PrismaPgDatabase extends PgDatabase> { static override readonly [entityKind]: string = 'PrismaPgDatabase'; constructor(client: PrismaClient, logger: Logger | undefined) { const dialect = new PgDialect(); super(dialect, new PrismaPgSession(dialect, client, { logger }), undefined); } } ``` Sources: [drizzle-orm/src/prisma/pg/driver.ts:13-20](https://github.com/blade47/drizzle-orm/blob/48e5406027103a9fca6eb66417187c4a8b5c6aa3/drizzle-orm/src/prisma/pg/driver.ts#L13-L20) ### Session Management and Prepared Query Execution `PrismaPgSession` extends `PgSession`, configuring its logger to either the provided session option or a `NoopLogger` fallback. Executing a raw SQL query delegates to `prepareQuery` using `this.dialect.sqlToQuery(query)`, subsequently calling `.execute()`. ```typescript export class PrismaPgSession extends PgSession { static override readonly [entityKind]: string = 'PrismaPgSession'; private readonly logger: Logger; constructor( dialect: PgDialect, private readonly prisma: PrismaClient, private readonly options: PrismaPgSessionOptions, ) { super(dialect); this.logger = options.logger ?? new NoopLogger(); } override execute(query: SQL): Promise { return this.prepareQuery(this.dialect.sqlToQuery(query)).execute(); } override prepareQuery(query: Query): PgPreparedQuery { return new PrismaPgPreparedQuery(this.prisma, query, this.logger); } ``` Sources: [drizzle-orm/src/prisma/pg/session.ts:46-66](https://github.com/blade47/drizzle-orm/blob/48e5406027103a9fca6eb66417187c4a8b5c6aa3/drizzle-orm/src/prisma/pg/session.ts#L46-L66) > [!WARNING] > Both `PrismaPgSession.transaction` and `PrismaPgPreparedQuery.all` throw explicit `Method not implemented.` errors when invoked, meaning transactions and array-mode responses are unsupported under the Prisma PostgreSQL interop session. ```typescript override all(): Promise { throw new Error('Method not implemented.'); } ``` Sources: [drizzle-orm/src/prisma/pg/session.ts:33-35](https://github.com/blade47/drizzle-orm/blob/48e5406027103a9fca6eb66417187c4a8b5c6aa3/drizzle-orm/src/prisma/pg/session.ts#L33-L35), [drizzle-orm/src/prisma/pg/session.ts:68-73](https://github.com/blade47/drizzle-orm/blob/48e5406027103a9fca6eb66417187c4a8b5c6aa3/drizzle-orm/src/prisma/pg/session.ts#L68-L73) `PrismaPgPreparedQuery` extends `PgPreparedQuery` to execute statements against the underlying `PrismaClient`. When `execute()` is called, placeholders are filled via `fillPlaceholders()`, the query and parameters are logged, and execution proceeds through `prisma.$queryRawUnsafe()`. ```typescript export class PrismaPgPreparedQuery extends PgPreparedQuery { static override readonly [entityKind]: string = 'PrismaPgPreparedQuery'; constructor( private readonly prisma: PrismaClient, query: Query, private readonly logger: Logger, ) { super(query, undefined, undefined, undefined); } override execute(placeholderValues?: Record): Promise { const params = fillPlaceholders(this.query.params, placeholderValues ?? {}); this.logger.logQuery(this.query.sql, params); return this.prisma.$queryRawUnsafe(this.query.sql, ...params); } ``` Sources: [drizzle-orm/src/prisma/pg/session.ts:16-31](https://github.com/blade47/drizzle-orm/blob/48e5406027103a9fca6eb66417187c4a8b5c6aa3/drizzle-orm/src/prisma/pg/session.ts#L16-L31) ## Prisma MySQL Session and Query Handling ### Driver Initialization and Prisma Extension Setup The MySQL interop module exposes `PrismaMySqlDatabase`, which extends `MySqlDatabase` with `PrismaMySqlQueryResultHKT`, `PrismaMySqlPreparedQueryHKT`, and an empty record type. Its constructor instantiates a `MySqlDialect` and a `PrismaMySqlSession` equipped with the provided `PrismaClient` and logger options. ```typescript export class PrismaMySqlDatabase extends MySqlDatabase> { static override readonly [entityKind]: string = 'PrismaMySqlDatabase'; constructor(client: PrismaClient, logger: Logger | undefined) { const dialect = new MySqlDialect(); super(dialect, new PrismaMySqlSession(dialect, client, { logger }), undefined, 'default'); } } ``` Sources: [drizzle-orm/src/prisma/mysql/driver.ts:13-22](https://github.com/blade47/drizzle-orm/blob/48e5406027103a9fca6eb66417187c4a8b5c6aa3/drizzle-orm/src/prisma/mysql/driver.ts#L13-L22) The `drizzle()` entry point accepts a `PrismaMySqlConfig` type, omitting the `schema` property from `DrizzleConfig`. If `config.logger` is set to `true`, a `DefaultLogger` is created; otherwise, custom loggers or `false` are preserved. The function returns a Prisma extension via `Prisma.defineExtension`, appending the `$drizzle` database client instance to the extended Prisma client. ```typescript export type PrismaMySqlConfig = Omit; export function drizzle(config: PrismaMySqlConfig = {}) { let logger: Logger | undefined; if (config.logger === true) { logger = new DefaultLogger(); } else if (config.logger !== false) { logger = config.logger; } return Prisma.defineExtension((client) => { return client.$extends({ name: 'drizzle', client: { $drizzle: new PrismaMySqlDatabase(client, logger), }, }); }); } ``` Sources: [drizzle-orm/src/prisma/mysql/driver.ts:24-42](https://github.com/blade47/drizzle-orm/blob/48e5406027103a9fca6eb66417187c4a8b5c6aa3/drizzle-orm/src/prisma/mysql/driver.ts#L24-L42) ### Session Management and Prepared Query Execution `PrismaMySqlSession` extends `MySqlSession`, resolving its logger option to either the supplied logger or a `NoopLogger` fallback. The session implements raw execution by converting `SQL` objects via `this.dialect.sqlToQuery(query)` and delegating to `prepareQuery().execute()`. ```typescript export class PrismaMySqlSession extends MySqlSession { static override readonly [entityKind]: string = 'PrismaMySqlSession'; private readonly logger: Logger; constructor( dialect: MySqlDialect, private readonly prisma: PrismaClient, private readonly options: PrismaMySqlSessionOptions, ) { super(dialect); this.logger = options.logger ?? new NoopLogger(); } override execute(query: SQL): Promise { return this.prepareQuery(this.dialect.sqlToQuery(query)).execute(); } ``` Sources: [drizzle-orm/src/prisma/mysql/session.ts:43-60](https://github.com/blade47/drizzle-orm/blob/48e5406027103a9fca6eb66417187c4a8b5c6aa3/drizzle-orm/src/prisma/mysql/session.ts#L43-L60) ```typescript override prepareQuery( query: Query, ): MySqlPreparedQuery { return new PrismaMySqlPreparedQuery(this.prisma, query, this.logger); } ``` Sources: [drizzle-orm/src/prisma/mysql/session.ts:65-69](https://github.com/blade47/drizzle-orm/blob/48e5406027103a9fca6eb66417187c4a8b5c6aa3/drizzle-orm/src/prisma/mysql/session.ts#L65-L69) > [!WARNING] > `PrismaMySqlSession` does not implement `all`, `transaction`, or `PrismaMySqlPreparedQuery.iterator`. Invoking any of these methods throws an explicit `Method not implemented.` error at runtime. ```typescript override iterator(_placeholderValues?: Record | undefined): AsyncGenerator { throw new Error('Method not implemented.'); } ``` Sources: [drizzle-orm/src/prisma/mysql/session.ts:19-21](https://github.com/blade47/drizzle-orm/blob/48e5406027103a9fca6eb66417187c4a8b5c6aa3/drizzle-orm/src/prisma/mysql/session.ts#L19-L21), [drizzle-orm/src/prisma/mysql/session.ts:61-63](https://github.com/blade47/drizzle-orm/blob/48e5406027103a9fca6eb66417187c4a8b5c6aa3/drizzle-orm/src/prisma/mysql/session.ts#L61-L63), [drizzle-orm/src/prisma/mysql/session.ts:71-84](https://github.com/blade47/drizzle-orm/blob/48e5406027103a9fca6eb66417187c4a8b5c6aa3/drizzle-orm/src/prisma/mysql/session.ts#L71-L84) `PrismaMySqlPreparedQuery` extends `MySqlPreparedQuery` to bind queries against `PrismaClient`. When `execute()` is called, parameter placeholders are populated using `fillPlaceholders()`, the query is logged, and the statement executes through `prisma.$queryRawUnsafe()`. ```typescript export class PrismaMySqlPreparedQuery extends MySqlPreparedQuery { override iterator(_placeholderValues?: Record | undefined): AsyncGenerator { throw new Error('Method not implemented.'); } static override readonly [entityKind]: string = 'PrismaMySqlPreparedQuery'; constructor( private readonly prisma: PrismaClient, private readonly query: Query, private readonly logger: Logger, ) { super(undefined, undefined, undefined); } override execute(placeholderValues?: Record): Promise { const params = fillPlaceholders(this.query.params, placeholderValues ?? {}); this.logger.logQuery(this.query.sql, params); return this.prisma.$queryRawUnsafe(this.query.sql, ...params); } } ``` Sources: [drizzle-orm/src/prisma/mysql/session.ts:18-37](https://github.com/blade47/drizzle-orm/blob/48e5406027103a9fca6eb66417187c4a8b5c6aa3/drizzle-orm/src/prisma/mysql/session.ts#L18-L37) ## Prisma SQLite Async Driver Architecture ### Driver Initialization and Prisma Extension Setup The SQLite interop module provides a `drizzle()` function that accepts a `PrismaSQLiteConfig` type, omitting the `schema` property from `DrizzleConfig`. It instantiates a `SQLiteAsyncDialect` and resolves the logger configuration: setting up a `DefaultLogger` when `config.logger` is `true`, preserving custom loggers, or omitting it otherwise. ```typescript export type PrismaSQLiteConfig = Omit; export function drizzle(config: PrismaSQLiteConfig = {}) { const dialect = new SQLiteAsyncDialect(); let logger: Logger | undefined; if (config.logger === true) { logger = new DefaultLogger(); } else if (config.logger !== false) { logger = config.logger; } ``` Sources: [drizzle-orm/src/prisma/sqlite/driver.ts:11-20](https://github.com/blade47/drizzle-orm/blob/48e5406027103a9fca6eb66417187c4a8b5c6aa3/drizzle-orm/src/prisma/sqlite/driver.ts#L11-L20) The function returns a Prisma extension via `Prisma.defineExtension()`, instantiating a `PrismaSQLiteSession` with the underlying client, dialect, and logger. It then injects the `$drizzle` database client initialized as a `BaseSQLiteDatabase` with an `'async'` mode into the extended client. ```typescript return Prisma.defineExtension((client) => { const session = new PrismaSQLiteSession(client, dialect, { logger }); return client.$extends({ name: 'drizzle', client: { $drizzle: new BaseSQLiteDatabase('async', dialect, session, undefined) as PrismaSQLiteDatabase, }, }); }); ``` Sources: [drizzle-orm/src/prisma/sqlite/driver.ts:22-31](https://github.com/blade47/drizzle-orm/blob/48e5406027103a9fca6eb66417187c4a8b5c6aa3/drizzle-orm/src/prisma/sqlite/driver.ts#L22-L31) ### Session Management and Prepared Query Execution `PrismaSQLiteSession` extends `SQLiteSession` with `'async'` execution mode, configuring its logger to either the provided options logger or a `NoopLogger` fallback. The session implements `prepareQuery()` to construct `PrismaSQLitePreparedQuery` instances and overrides `transaction()` to throw an unimplemented error. ```typescript export class PrismaSQLiteSession extends SQLiteSession<'async', unknown, Record, Record> { static override readonly [entityKind]: string = 'PrismaSQLiteSession'; private readonly logger: Logger; constructor( private readonly prisma: PrismaClient, dialect: SQLiteAsyncDialect, options: PrismaSQLiteSessionOptions, ) { super(dialect); this.logger = options.logger ?? new NoopLogger(); } override prepareQuery>( query: Query, fields: SelectedFieldsOrdered | undefined, executeMethod: SQLiteExecuteMethod, ): PrismaSQLitePreparedQuery { return new PrismaSQLitePreparedQuery(this.prisma, query, this.logger, executeMethod); } override transaction( _transaction: (tx: SQLiteTransaction<'async', unknown, Record, Record>) => Promise, _config?: SQLiteTransactionConfig, ): Promise { throw new Error('Method not implemented.'); } } ``` Sources: [drizzle-orm/src/prisma/sqlite/session.ts:62-90](https://github.com/blade47/drizzle-orm/blob/48e5406027103a9fca6eb66417187c4a8b5c6aa3/drizzle-orm/src/prisma/sqlite/session.ts#L62-L90) > [!WARNING] > `PrismaSQLiteSession.transaction()` and `PrismaSQLitePreparedQuery.values()` are not implemented. Invoking either method throws a `Method not implemented.` error at runtime. ```typescript override values(_placeholderValues?: Record | undefined): Promise { throw new Error('Method not implemented.'); } ``` Sources: [drizzle-orm/src/prisma/sqlite/session.ts:49-51](https://github.com/blade47/drizzle-orm/blob/48e5406027103a9fca6eb66417187c4a8b5c6aa3/drizzle-orm/src/prisma/sqlite/session.ts#L49-L51), [drizzle-orm/src/prisma/sqlite/session.ts:84-89](https://github.com/blade47/drizzle-orm/blob/48e5406027103a9fca6eb66417187c4a8b5c6aa3/drizzle-orm/src/prisma/sqlite/session.ts#L84-L89) `PrismaSQLitePreparedQuery` extends `SQLitePreparedQuery` to execute statements against `PrismaClient`. The `all()` method populates statement parameters via `fillPlaceholders()`, logs the query, and delegates to `prisma.$queryRawUnsafe()`. ```typescript export class PrismaSQLitePreparedQuery extends SQLitePreparedQuery< { type: 'async'; run: []; all: T['all']; get: T['get']; values: never; execute: T['execute'] } > { static override readonly [entityKind]: string = 'PrismaSQLitePreparedQuery'; constructor( private readonly prisma: PrismaClient, query: Query, private readonly logger: Logger, executeMethod: SQLiteExecuteMethod, ) { super('async', executeMethod, query); } override all(placeholderValues?: Record): Promise { const params = fillPlaceholders(this.query.params, placeholderValues ?? {}); this.logger.logQuery(this.query.sql, params); return this.prisma.$queryRawUnsafe(this.query.sql, ...params); } ``` Sources: [drizzle-orm/src/prisma/sqlite/session.ts:19-37](https://github.com/blade47/drizzle-orm/blob/48e5406027103a9fca6eb66417187c4a8b5c6aa3/drizzle-orm/src/prisma/sqlite/session.ts#L19-L37) The prepared query handles additional execution modalities by building upon `all()`. Specifically, `run()` executes the query and returns an empty array, `get()` retrieves the first row from the result set, and `isResponseInArrayMode()` explicitly returns `false`. ```typescript override async run(placeholderValues?: Record | undefined): Promise<[]> { await this.all(placeholderValues); return []; } override async get(placeholderValues?: Record | undefined): Promise { const all = await this.all(placeholderValues) as unknown[]; return all[0]; } override values(_placeholderValues?: Record | undefined): Promise { throw new Error('Method not implemented.'); } override isResponseInArrayMode(): boolean { return false; } } ``` Sources: [drizzle-orm/src/prisma/sqlite/session.ts:39-56](https://github.com/blade47/drizzle-orm/blob/48e5406027103a9fca6eb66417187c4a8b5c6aa3/drizzle-orm/src/prisma/sqlite/session.ts#L39-L56) ## Serverless and Managed Adapter Interoperability ### Neon and Netlify DB Driver Initialization The serverless architecture adapts HTTP and WebSocket-based PostgreSQL clients for connectionless or pooled execution runtimes. The Neon serverless driver exports the `NeonDriver` and `NeonDatabase` classes, supporting initialization via connection strings, pool configurations, or pre-constructed client instances through `drizzle()`. ```typescript export function drizzle< TSchema extends Record = Record, TClient extends NeonClient = Pool, >( ...params: [ TClient | string, ] | [ TClient | string, DrizzleConfig, ] | [ ( & DrizzleConfig & ({ connection: string | PoolConfig; } | { client: TClient; }) & { ws?: any; } ), ] ): NeonDatabase & { $client: NeonClient extends TClient ? Pool : TClient; } { ``` Sources: [drizzle-orm/src/neon-serverless/driver.ts:91-115](https://github.com/blade47/drizzle-orm/blob/48e5406027103a9fca6eb66417187c4a8b5c6aa3/drizzle-orm/src/neon-serverless/driver.ts#L115-L147) Similarly, the Netlify DB driver establishes type parsers during driver construction for temporal and array data types using `types.setTypeParser()`. ```typescript export class NetlifyDbDriver { static readonly [entityKind]: string = 'NetlifyDbDriver'; constructor( private httpClient: NeonHttpClient, private pool: Pool, private dialect: PgDialect, private options: NetlifyDbDriverOptions = {}, ) { this.initMappers(); } createSession( schema: V1.RelationalSchemaConfig | undefined, ): NetlifyDbSession, V1.TablesRelationalConfig> { return new NetlifyDbSession(this.httpClient, this.pool, this.dialect, schema, { logger: this.options.logger, cache: this.options.cache, }); } initMappers() { types.setTypeParser(types.builtins.TIMESTAMPTZ, (val: any) => val); types.setTypeParser(types.builtins.TIMESTAMP, (val: any) => val); types.setTypeParser(types.builtins.DATE, (val: any) => val); types.setTypeParser(types.builtins.INTERVAL, (val: any) => val); types.setTypeParser(1231, (val: any) => val); types.setTypeParser(1115, (val: any) => val); types.setTypeParser(1185, (val: any) => val); types.setTypeParser(1187, (val: any) => val); types.setTypeParser(1182, (val: any) => val); } } ``` Sources: [drizzle-orm/src/netlify-db/driver.ts:37-69](https://github.com/blade47/drizzle-orm/blob/48e5406027103a9fca6eb66417187c4a8b5c6aa3/drizzle-orm/src/netlify-db/driver.ts#L37-L69) Type parsers registered during Netlify DB driver initialization map specific PostgreSQL built-in type OIDs directly to raw values without altering formats. | OID Constant / Built-in | Parser Target | Sources | | :--- | :--- | :--- | | `types.builtins.TIMESTAMPTZ` | Returns raw value | [drizzle-orm/src/netlify-db/driver.ts:59](https://github.com/blade47/drizzle-orm/blob/48e5406027103a9fca6eb66417187c4a8b5c6aa3/drizzle-orm/src/netlify-db/driver.ts#L59) | | `types.builtins.TIMESTAMP` | Returns raw value | [drizzle-orm/src/netlify-db/driver.ts:60](https://github.com/blade47/drizzle-orm/blob/48e5406027103a9fca6eb66417187c4a8b5c6aa3/drizzle-orm/src/netlify-db/driver.ts#L60) | | `types.builtins.DATE` | Returns raw value | [drizzle-orm/src/netlify-db/driver.ts:61](https://github.com/blade47/drizzle-orm/blob/48e5406027103a9fca6eb66417187c4a8b5c6aa3/drizzle-orm/src/netlify-db/driver.ts#L61) | | `types.builtins.INTERVAL` | Returns raw value | [drizzle-orm/src/netlify-db/driver.ts:62](https://github.com/blade47/drizzle-orm/blob/48e5406027103a9fca6eb66417187c4a8b5c6aa3/drizzle-orm/src/netlify-db/driver.ts#L62) | | `1231` | Returns raw value | [drizzle-orm/src/netlify-db/driver.ts:63](https://github.com/blade47/drizzle-orm/blob/48e5406027103a9fca6eb66417187c4a8b5c6aa3/drizzle-orm/src/netlify-db/driver.ts#L63) | | `1115` | Returns raw value | [drizzle-orm/src/netlify-db/driver.ts:64](https://github.com/blade47/drizzle-orm/blob/48e5406027103a9fca6eb66417187c4a8b5c6aa3/drizzle-orm/src/netlify-db/driver.ts#L64) | | `1185` | Returns raw value | [drizzle-orm/src/netlify-db/driver.ts:65](https://github.com/blade47/drizzle-orm/blob/48e5406027103a9fca6eb66417187c4a8b5c6aa3/drizzle-orm/src/netlify-db/driver.ts#L65) | | `1187` | Returns raw value | [drizzle-orm/src/netlify-db/driver.ts:66](https://github.com/blade47/drizzle-orm/blob/48e5406027103a9fca6eb66417187c4a8b5c6aa3/drizzle-orm/src/netlify-db/driver.ts#L66) | | `1182` | Returns raw value | [drizzle-orm/src/netlify-db/driver.ts:67](https://github.com/blade47/drizzle-orm/blob/48e5406027103a9fca6eb66417187c4a8b5c6aa3/drizzle-orm/src/netlify-db/driver.ts#L67) | Sources: [drizzle-orm/src/netlify-db/driver.ts:59-67](https://github.com/blade47/drizzle-orm/blob/48e5406027103a9fca6eb66417187c4a8b5c6aa3/drizzle-orm/src/netlify-db/driver.ts#L59-L67) ### Session Execution and Transaction Semantics `NeonSession` manages query preparation, logging, caching, and statement execution. When handling transactions, it inspects whether the underlying client is a `Pool` instance; if so, it acquires a dedicated client connection for the duration of the transaction block and releases it afterward in a `finally` block. ```typescript override async transaction( transaction: (tx: NeonTransaction) => Promise, config: PgTransactionConfig = {}, ): Promise { const session = this.client instanceof Pool // eslint-disable-line no-instanceof/no-instanceof ? new NeonSession(await this.client.connect(), this.dialect, this.schema, this.options) : this; const tx = new NeonTransaction(this.dialect, session, this.schema); await tx.execute(sql`begin ${tx.getTransactionConfigSQL(config)}`); try { const result = await transaction(tx); await tx.execute(sql`commit`); return result; } catch (error) { await tx.execute(sql`rollback`); throw error; } finally { if (this.client instanceof Pool) { // eslint-disable-line no-instanceof/no-instanceof (session.client as PoolClient).release(); } } } ``` Sources: [drizzle-orm/src/neon-serverless/session.ts:260-281](https://github.com/blade47/drizzle-orm/blob/48e5406027103a9fca6eb66417187c4a8b5c6aa3/drizzle-orm/src/neon-serverless/session.ts#L260-L281) > [!WARNING] > `NeonSession.transaction()` checks `this.client instanceof Pool` to branch between acquiring a pooled client connection or reusing the existing session client. Failing to release pool clients in custom implementations leaks connections. ```typescript const session = this.client instanceof Pool // eslint-disable-line no-instanceof/no-instanceof ? new NeonSession(await this.client.connect(), this.dialect, this.schema, this.options) : this; ``` Sources: [drizzle-orm/src/neon-serverless/session.ts:264-266](https://github.com/blade47/drizzle-orm/blob/48e5406027103a9fca6eb66417187c4a8b5c6aa3/drizzle-orm/src/neon-serverless/session.ts#L264-L266), [drizzle-orm/src/neon-serverless/session.ts:277-279](https://github.com/blade47/drizzle-orm/blob/48e5406027103a9fca6eb66417187c4a8b5c6aa3/drizzle-orm/src/neon-serverless/session.ts#L277-L279) Nested transactions in both `NeonTransaction` and `NetlifyDbTransaction` utilize PostgreSQL savepoints with automatically incremented identifiers. Each nested transaction level generates a savepoint named via `sp${this.nestedIndex + 1}`, releasing or rolling back to that savepoint depending on execution success. ```typescript override async transaction(transaction: (tx: NeonTransaction) => Promise): Promise { const savepointName = `sp${this.nestedIndex + 1}`; const tx = new NeonTransaction(this.dialect, this.session, this.schema, this.nestedIndex + 1); await tx.execute(sql.raw(`savepoint ${savepointName}`)); try { const result = await transaction(tx); await tx.execute(sql.raw(`release savepoint ${savepointName}`)); return result; } catch (e) { await tx.execute(sql.raw(`rollback to savepoint ${savepointName}`)); throw e; } } ``` Sources: [drizzle-orm/src/neon-serverless/session.ts:290-302](https://github.com/blade47/drizzle-orm/blob/48e5406027103a9fca6eb66417187c4a8b5c6aa3/drizzle-orm/src/neon-serverless/session.ts#L290-L302), [drizzle-orm/src/netlify-db/session.ts:273-292](https://github.com/blade47/drizzle-orm/blob/48e5406027103a9fca6eb66417187c4a8b5c6aa3/drizzle-orm/src/netlify-db/session.ts#L273-L292) ## Cloud Runtime Driver Interop Patterns ### Gel Driver and Client Initialization The Gel driver interface supports initialization via connection strings, existing `Client` instances, or configuration objects containing connection options. The `drizzle()` factory function inspects its parameters to construct a `GelDriver` instance paired with a `GelDialect`. | Parameter Variant | Handling Behavior | Sources | | :--- | :--- | :--- | | `string` (DSN) | Creates a client via `createClient({ dsn })` | [drizzle-orm/src/gel/driver.ts:109-113](https://github.com/blade47/drizzle-orm/blob/48e5406027103a9fca6eb66417187c4a8b5c6aa3/drizzle-orm/src/gel/driver.ts#L109-L113) | | `Object` (Config with `client`) | Uses the provided client instance directly | [drizzle-orm/src/gel/driver.ts:115-121](https://github.com/blade47/drizzle-orm/blob/48e5406027103a9fca6eb66417187c4a8b5c6aa3/drizzle-orm/src/gel/driver.ts#L115-L121) | | `Object` (Config with `connection`) | Instantiates a client with `connection` options | [drizzle-orm/src/gel/driver.ts:115-126](https://github.com/blade47/drizzle-orm/blob/48e5406027103a9fca6eb66417187c4a8b5c6aa3/drizzle-orm/src/gel/driver.ts#L115-L126) | | Direct `Client` | Constructs database instance using the client | [drizzle-orm/src/gel/driver.ts:128](https://github.com/blade47/drizzle-orm/blob/48e5406027103a9fca6eb66417187c4a8b5c6aa3/drizzle-orm/src/gel/driver.ts#L128) | | `drizzle.mock()` | Initializes a mock client object | [drizzle-orm/src/gel/driver.ts:131-138](https://github.com/blade47/drizzle-orm/blob/48e5406027103a9fca6eb66417187c4a8b5c6aa3/drizzle-orm/src/gel/driver.ts#L131-L138) | Sources: [drizzle-orm/src/gel/driver.ts:109-138](https://github.com/blade47/drizzle-orm/blob/48e5406027103a9fca6eb66417187c4a8b5c6aa3/drizzle-orm/src/gel/driver.ts#L109-L138) ```typescript export function drizzle< TSchema extends Record = Record, TClient extends GelClient = Client, >( ...params: | [TClient | string] | [TClient | string, DrizzleConfig] | [ & DrizzleConfig & ( | { connection: string | ConnectOptions; } | { client: TClient; } ), ] ``` Sources: [drizzle-orm/src/gel/driver.ts:88-105](https://github.com/blade47/drizzle-orm/blob/48e5406027103a9fca6eb66417187c4a8b5c6aa3/drizzle-orm/src/gel/driver.ts#L88-L105) ### AWS Data API Parameter Customization The AWS Data API PostgreSQL driver specializes query execution through `AwsPgDialect`, which overrides parameter escaping and array handling. Positional parameters are formatted as `:${num + 1}`, and array columns in insert and update operations are explicitly cast to their SQL type definitions. ```typescript export class AwsPgDialect extends PgDialect { static override readonly [entityKind]: string = 'AwsPgDialect'; override escapeParam(num: number): string { return `:${num + 1}`; } ``` Sources: [drizzle-orm/src/aws-data-api/pg/driver.ts:50-56](https://github.com/blade47/drizzle-orm/blob/48e5406027103a9fca6eb66417187c4a8b5c6aa3/drizzle-orm/src/aws-data-api/pg/driver.ts#L50-L56), [drizzle-orm/src/aws-data-api/pg/driver.ts:67-72](https://github.com/blade47/drizzle-orm/blob/48e5406027103a9fca6eb66417187c4a8b5c6aa3/drizzle-orm/src/aws-data-api/pg/driver.ts#L67-L72) > [!NOTE] > `AwsPgDialect` intercepts insert and update building to locate encoder instances matching `PgArray`. When array values are present, it wraps them in an explicit `cast(... as ...)` expression to satisfy strict AWS RDS Data API typing requirements. ```typescript const colValue = value[fieldName]; if ( is(colValue, Param) && colValue.value !== undefined && is(colValue.encoder, PgArray) && Array.isArray(colValue.value) ) { value[fieldName] = sql`cast(${colValue} as ${sql.raw(colValue.encoder.getSQLType())})`; } } ``` Sources: [drizzle-orm/src/aws-data-api/pg/driver.ts:65-72](https://github.com/blade47/drizzle-orm/blob/48e5406027103a9fca6eb66417187c4a8b5c6aa3/drizzle-orm/src/aws-data-api/pg/driver.ts#L65-L72), [drizzle-orm/src/aws-data-api/pg/driver.ts:83-90](https://github.com/blade47/drizzle-orm/blob/48e5406027103a9fca6eb66417187c4a8b5c6aa3/drizzle-orm/src/aws-data-api/pg/driver.ts#L83-L90) ## Related - [Sessions and Transactions](https://www.doc0.dev/docs/e1b68fed-3c4e-4c95-b2ba-ebf050f78025/technical/core-architecture/sessions-and-transactions) ## Sitemap See the full [sitemap](https://www.doc0.dev/docs/e1b68fed-3c4e-4c95-b2ba-ebf050f78025/llms.txt) for all pages in this wiki.